Poisoning with methanol (wood alcohol) or ethylene glycol (antifreeze) gives similar symptoms. The treatment for both is fomepazole, a competitive inhibitor of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (or a lot of ethanol). Left untreated, methanol poisoning causes (2024)

`); let searchUrl = `/search/`; history.forEach((elem) => { prevsearch.find('#prevsearch-options').append(`

${elem}

`); }); } $('#search-pretype-options').empty(); $('#search-pretype-options').append(prevsearch); let prevbooks = $(false); [ {title:"Recently Opened Textbooks", books:previous_books}, {title:"Recommended Textbooks", books:recommended_books} ].forEach((book_segment) => { if (Array.isArray(book_segment.books) && book_segment.books.length>0 && nsegments<2) { nsegments+=1; prevbooks = $(`

  • ${book_segment.title}
  • `); let searchUrl = "/books/xxx/"; book_segment.books.forEach((elem) => { prevbooks.find('#prevbooks-options'+nsegments.toString()).append(`

    ${elem.title} ${ordinal(elem.edition)} ${elem.author}

    `); }); } $('#search-pretype-options').append(prevbooks); }); } function anon_pretype() { let prebooks = null; try { prebooks = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_ANON')); }catch(e) {} if ('previous_books' in prebooks && 'recommended_books' in prebooks) { previous_books = prebooks.previous_books; recommended_books = prebooks.recommended_books; if (typeof PREVBOOKS !== 'undefined' && Array.isArray(PREVBOOKS)) { new_prevbooks = PREVBOOKS; previous_books.forEach(elem => { for (let i = 0; i < new_prevbooks.length; i++) { if (elem.id == new_prevbooks[i].id) { return; } } new_prevbooks.push(elem); }); new_prevbooks = new_prevbooks.slice(0,3); previous_books = new_prevbooks; } if (typeof RECBOOKS !== 'undefined' && Array.isArray(RECBOOKS)) { new_recbooks = RECBOOKS; for (let j = 0; j < new_recbooks.length; j++) { new_recbooks[j].viewed_at = new Date(); } let insert = true; for (let i=0; i < recommended_books.length; i++){ for (let j = 0; j < new_recbooks.length; j++) { if (recommended_books[i].id == new_recbooks[j].id) { insert = false; } } if (insert){ new_recbooks.push(recommended_books[i]); } } new_recbooks.sort((a,b)=>{ adate = new Date(2000, 0, 1); bdate = new Date(2000, 0, 1); if ('viewed_at' in a) {adate = new Date(a.viewed_at);} if ('viewed_at' in b) {bdate = new Date(b.viewed_at);} // 100000000: instead of just erasing the suggestions from previous week, // we just move them to the back of the queue acurweek = ((new Date()).getDate()-adate.getDate()>7)?0:100000000; bcurweek = ((new Date()).getDate()-bdate.getDate()>7)?0:100000000; aviews = 0; bviews = 0; if ('views' in a) {aviews = acurweek+a.views;} if ('views' in b) {bviews = bcurweek+b.views;} return bviews - aviews; }); new_recbooks = new_recbooks.slice(0,3); recommended_books = new_recbooks; } localStorage.setItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_ANON', JSON.stringify({ previous_books: previous_books, recommended_books: recommended_books })); build_popup(); } } var whiletyping_search_object = null; var whiletyping_search = { books: [], curriculum: [], topics: [] } var single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = null; var whiletyping_database_initial_burst = 0; //number of consecutive calls, after 3 we start the 1 per 5 min calls function get_whiletyping_database() { //gets the database from the server. // 1. by validating against a local database value we confirm that the framework is working and // reduce the ammount of continuous calls produced by errors to 1 per 5 minutes. return localforage.getItem('whiletyping_last_attempt').then(function(value) { if ( value==null || (new Date()) - (new Date(value)) > 1000*60*5 || (whiletyping_database_initial_burst < 3) ) { localforage.setItem('whiletyping_last_attempt', (new Date()).getTime()); // 2. Make an ajax call to the server and get the search database. let databaseUrl = `/search/whiletype_database/`; let resp = single_whiletyping_ajax_promise; if (resp === null) { whiletyping_database_initial_burst = whiletyping_database_initial_burst + 1; single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = resp = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { $.ajax({ url: databaseUrl, type: 'POST', data:{csrfmiddlewaretoken: "trJEd0884pOEpj6eHi57ciHbHUoL9rd1ZMluXZGObJAnfBBcFW4p3TXeyo34Qu3i"}, success: function (data) { // 3. verify that the elements of the database exist and are arrays if ( ('books' in data) && ('curriculum' in data) && ('topics' in data) && Array.isArray(data.books) && Array.isArray(data.curriculum) && Array.isArray(data.topics)) { localforage.setItem('whiletyping_last_success', (new Date()).getTime()); localforage.setItem('whiletyping_database', data); resolve(data); } }, error: function (error) { console.log(error); resolve(null); }, complete: function (data) { single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = null; } }) }); } return resp; } return Promise.resolve(null); }).catch(function(err) { console.log(err); return Promise.resolve(null); }); } function get_whiletyping_search_object() { // gets the fuse objects that will be in charge of the search if (whiletyping_search_object){ return Promise.resolve(whiletyping_search_object); } database_promise = localforage.getItem('whiletyping_database').then(function(database) { return localforage.getItem('whiletyping_last_success').then(function(last_success) { if (database==null || (new Date()) - (new Date(last_success)) > 1000*60*60*24*30 || (new Date('2023-04-25T00:00:00')) - (new Date(last_success)) > 0) { // New database update return get_whiletyping_database().then(function(new_database) { if (new_database) { database = new_database; } return database; }); } else { return Promise.resolve(database); } }); }); return database_promise.then(function(database) { if (database) { const options = { isCaseSensitive: false, includeScore: true, shouldSort: true, // includeMatches: false, // findAllMatches: false, // minMatchCharLength: 1, // location: 0, threshold: 0.2, // distance: 100, // useExtendedSearch: false, ignoreLocation: true, // ignoreFieldNorm: false, // fieldNormWeight: 1, keys: [ "title" ] }; let curriculum_index={}; let topics_index={}; database.curriculum.forEach(c => curriculum_index[c.id]=c); database.topics.forEach(t => topics_index[t.id]=t); for (j=0; j

    Solutions
  • Textbooks
  • `); } function build_solutions() { if (Array.isArray(solution_search_result)) { const viewAllHTML = userSubscribed ? `View All` : ''; var solutions_section = $(`
  • Solutions ${viewAllHTML}
  • `); let questionUrl = "/questions/xxx/"; let askUrl = "/ask/question/xxx/"; solution_search_result.forEach((elem) => { let url = ('course' in elem)?askUrl:questionUrl; let solution_type = ('course' in elem)?'ask':'question'; let subtitle = ('course' in elem)?(elem.course??""):(elem.book ?? "")+"    "+(elem.chapter?"Chapter "+elem.chapter:""); solutions_section.find('#whiletyping-solutions').append(` ${elem.text} ${subtitle} `); }); $('#search-solution-options').empty(); if (Array.isArray(solution_search_result) && solution_search_result.length>0){ $('#search-solution-options').append(solutions_section); } MathJax.typesetPromise([document.getElementById('search-solution-options')]); } } function build_textbooks() { $('#search-pretype-options').empty(); $('#search-pretype-options').append($('#search-solution-options').html()); if (Array.isArray(textbook_search_result)) { var books_section = $(`
  • Textbooks View All
  • `); let searchUrl = "/books/xxx/"; textbook_search_result.forEach((elem) => { books_section.find('#whiletyping-books').append(` ${elem.title} ${ordinal(elem.edition)} ${elem.author} `); }); } if (Array.isArray(textbook_search_result) && textbook_search_result.length>0){ $('#search-pretype-options').append(books_section); } } function build_popup(first_time = false) { if ($('#search-text').val()=='') { build_pretype(); } else { solution_and_textbook_search(); } } var search_text_out = true; var search_popup_out = true; const is_login = false; const user_hash = null; function pretype_setup() { $('#search-text').focusin(function() { $('#search-popup').addClass('show'); resize_popup(); search_text_out = false; }); $( window ).resize(function() { resize_popup(); }); $('#search-text').focusout(() => { search_text_out = true; if (search_text_out && search_popup_out) { $('#search-popup').removeClass('show'); } }); $('#search-popup').mouseenter(() => { search_popup_out = false; }); $('#search-popup').mouseleave(() => { search_popup_out = true; if (search_text_out && search_popup_out) { $('#search-popup').removeClass('show'); } }); $('#search-text').on("keyup", delay(() => { build_popup(); }, 200)); build_popup(true); let prevbookUrl = `/search/pretype_books/`; let prebooks = null; try { prebooks = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_'+(is_login?user_hash:'ANON'))); }catch(e) {} if (prebooks && 'previous_books' in prebooks && 'recommended_books' in prebooks) { if (is_login) { previous_books = prebooks.previous_books; recommended_books = prebooks.recommended_books; if (prebooks.time && new Date().getTime()-prebooks.time<1000*60*60*6) { build_popup(); return; } } else { anon_pretype(); return; } } $.ajax({ url: prevbookUrl, method: 'POST', data:{csrfmiddlewaretoken: "trJEd0884pOEpj6eHi57ciHbHUoL9rd1ZMluXZGObJAnfBBcFW4p3TXeyo34Qu3i"}, success: function(response){ previous_books = response.previous_books; recommended_books = response.recommended_books; if (is_login) { localStorage.setItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_'+user_hash, JSON.stringify({ previous_books: previous_books, recommended_books: recommended_books, time: new Date().getTime() })); } build_popup(); }, error: function(response){ console.log(response); } }); } $( document ).ready(pretype_setup); $( document ).ready(function(){ $('#search-popup').on('click', '.search-view-item', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); let autoCompleteSearchViewUrl = `/search/autocomplete_search_view/`; let objectUrl = $(this).attr('href'); let selectedId = $(this).data('objid'); let searchResults = []; $("#whiletyping-solutions").find("a").each(function() { let is_selected = selectedId === $(this).data('objid'); searchResults.push({ objectId: $(this).data('objid'), contentType: $(this).data('contenttype'), category: $(this).data('category'), selected: is_selected }); }); $("#whiletyping-books").find("a").each(function() { let is_selected = selectedId === $(this).data('objid'); searchResults.push({ objectId: $(this).data('objid'), contentType: $(this).data('contenttype'), category: $(this).data('category'), selected: is_selected }); }); $.ajax({ url: autoCompleteSearchViewUrl, method: 'POST', data:{ csrfmiddlewaretoken: "trJEd0884pOEpj6eHi57ciHbHUoL9rd1ZMluXZGObJAnfBBcFW4p3TXeyo34Qu3i", query: $('#search-text').val(), searchObjects: JSON.stringify(searchResults) }, dataType: 'json', complete: function(data){ window.location.href = objectUrl; } }); }); });
    Poisoning with methanol (wood alcohol) or ethylene glycol (antifreeze) gives similar symptoms. The treatment for both is fomepazole, a competitive inhibitor of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (or a lot of ethanol). Left untreated, methanol poisoning causes  (2024)

    FAQs

    How do you treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning? ›

    Hemodialysis is generally necessary to remove methanol and ethylene glycol and their toxic metabolites from the body. Dialysis should be initiated if serum ethylene glycol levels are >50 mg/dL. A peak methanol level of >50 mg/dL has frequently been cited as an indication for dialysis.

    How to treat methanol poisoning if a patient consumes methanol by mistake? ›

    Treatment can include administration of ethanol or fomepizole, both inhibitors of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to prevent formation of its metabolites, and hemodialysis to remove methanol and formate.

    What organs does methanol poisoning affect? ›

    The most common permanent adverse health effects following severe methanol poisoning are damage to or death of the nerve leading from the eye to the brain (optic neuropathy or atrophy), resulting in blindness; disease caused by damage to a particular region of the brain, resulting in difficulty walking and moving ...

    Which is the antidote that can be used both for methanol and ethylene glycol? ›

    Fomepizole. Fomepizole competitively inhibits ADH and is an effective and safe antidote for both ethylene glycol and methanol toxicity. In the presence of fomepizole, the half-lives of ethylene glycol (in patients with normal renal function) and methanol are 14.5 and 40 hours, respectively.

    How is antifreeze poisoning reversed? ›

    Administration of either intravenous ethanol or fomepizole, both of which competitively inhibit ethylene glycol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase and can prevent the production and accumulation of the toxic metabolites, can be used as an antidote.

    What is the best antidote for methanol? ›

    A 10% ethanol solution administered intravenously is a safe and effective antidote for severe methanol poisoning.

    Is methanol poisoning reversible? ›

    Indeed, small amounts of ingested methanol are sufficient to produce acute destruction of parts of the central nervous system leading to permanent neurological dysfunction and irreversible blindness.

    Can you recover from methanol poisoning? ›

    Patients often recover when prompt diagnosis and treatment occur. Retinal toxicity and basal ganglia toxicity may result in permanent symptoms. When patients present late or diagnosis is not recognized in a timely fashion, significant morbidity and mortality can occur.

    What is the antidote for ethylene glycol? ›

    If ethylene glycol poisoning is suspected, begin antidotal therapy empirically while awaiting confirmation. Antidotes are fomepizole and ethanol. B-vitamin therapy may be used as an adjunct to antidotal therapy.

    How does the body get rid of methanol? ›

    Methanol is excreted by the kidneys without being converted into the very toxic metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid. Alcohol dehydrogenase instead enzymatically converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a less toxic organic molecule.

    What is the target organ of methanol? ›

    Target Organs: Eyes, nervous system, optic nerve. Eye: May cause painful sensitization to light. Methanol is a mild to moderate eye irritant. Inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption of methanol can cause significant disturbances in vision, including blindness.

    Is methanol toxic to liver? ›

    Methanol toxicity is primarily due to its toxic metabolite formic acid, formed in the liver, which causes systemic metabolic acidosis. Patients present with symptoms of dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and blurring of vision usually 12 to 24 hours after ingestion.

    What drug is used for methanol poisoning? ›

    Fomepizole (4-MP, Antizol)

    DOC for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning because of ease of administration and better safety profile than ethanol. Inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.

    What is methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning? ›

    Methanol and ethylene glycol poisonings cause scores of fatal intoxications annually, and even relatively small ingestions of these alcohols can produce significant toxicity. Rapid recognition and early treatment, including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibition and often hemodialysis, are crucial.

    What is the drug of choice for ethylene glycol poisoning? ›

    Fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH) antagonist, is the preferred therapy for ethylene glycol poisoning.

    What is the antidote for ethylene glycol ethanol? ›

    Intravenous ethyl alcohol and fomepizole are the preferred drugs for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning [1]. Both these agents are competitive inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing ethylene glycol into its toxic components.

    How is ethylene glycol cleared from the body? ›

    Ethylene glycol is metabolized in the liver to a variety of more toxic compounds. In untreated adults, approximately 20% of a dose of ethylene glycol is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. The half-life of ethylene glycol in untreated adult patients is 3–8 hours.

    How to treat ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs? ›

    Treatment involves reducing further absorption of ethylene glycol by inducing vomiting or flushing the stomach (or both), followed by administration of activated charcoal and sodium sulfate within 1 to 2 hours of ingestion.

    How to remove ethylene glycol? ›

    The most effective and carbon-neutral method to remove ethylene glycol from waste or wash water is to use the Nyex Ellenox™ water treatment system. This electrochemical oxidation process destroys organics in water by producing powerful hydroxyl (·OH ) radicals.

    References

    Top Articles
    Latest Posts
    Article information

    Author: Greg O'Connell

    Last Updated:

    Views: 6488

    Rating: 4.1 / 5 (62 voted)

    Reviews: 93% of readers found this page helpful

    Author information

    Name: Greg O'Connell

    Birthday: 1992-01-10

    Address: Suite 517 2436 Jefferey Pass, Shanitaside, UT 27519

    Phone: +2614651609714

    Job: Education Developer

    Hobby: Cooking, Gambling, Pottery, Shooting, Baseball, Singing, Snowboarding

    Introduction: My name is Greg O'Connell, I am a delightful, colorful, talented, kind, lively, modern, tender person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.